Four Types of Organisational Structure Essay Example for Free

Four Types of Organisational Structure Essay Organising is therefore the method by which an organisation is formally controlled into divisions or operational units and the structure of the firm is established. The end product of management process is organisational structure. Organisational structure binds the all level of management personals together and brings them into proper development and co-ordination of organisation. It is tasks arrangement which is break up into a few divisions or departments and grouping it together under the management hierarchy to achieve the organisation objectives. Under the organisation structure, one single path will create to attach the tasks, work flow and communication channels between the personals and the various divisional peoples of organisation. Organisation structures smooth the progress of efficient management, direction and control. Every administration has to set up its own organisation structure for well-organized perform of business actions. An organisation structure usually represent in graphical form which is called an organisation chart. Usually, the chart illustrated in the form of vertical, horizontal or concentric to define the authority and responsibilities of personals in various levels. The chart always created according to the existing departmentalisation of organisation. In departmentalisation, each personal from different job segments will work to achieve an aim of pre-determined organisational objectives. The departmentalisation is based on five structures, which is functions, products, consumers, geographical and matrix. In these papers, we will go through the justification of four structure which is function, product, geographical and matrix with sample organisational chart on each structure. Â  Sample Organisation Chart of Functional Structure. Source: SIA Cargo Pte Ltd Functional organisation structure is the most common and logical type of business unit that adhere by companies. In this structure, people are group together based on common skills and work activities. It focuses on single service and doesn’t need frequent changes in organisational hierarchy. Base on above organisational chart, we can notify that the total organisation system is coordinating by top management. For a proficient management function, the organisation breaks up into a few departments such as marketing, engineering, technology, operational and etc. Each departments lead by a senior manager or vice president who are reporting to a single authority, top management. As the simplest approach, a functional structure sort well-defined channels of communication and influence relationship. Each department’s staff needs to report to their only functional unit’s manager and by doing this, the various business unit’s prevent any kind of misunderstanding or conflicts among them. The chart hierarchy is simplified, well-organised and the separation of tasks also well defined with layer by layer. The fewer layer of management will ease the expectation of top management and also improve the task co-ordination. Decision making process is swift and authorities in functional structure. Because of the staffs in functional structure come from similar background and perspectives, so it wills faster the process of the decision-making without waste of time. Since the every business units in structure workout in similar background, it might cluster the processing of the papers together and highly improving the knowledge sharing between co-workers. Sharing knowledge make the organisation more productive and competitive where the experience personals such as managers often coaching and mentoring the less experience personals of each units through seminar or workshop. Functional structures produce clear career hierarchy organisation members to go after. Managers within a functional structure are generally skilled within their particular unit. They were hiring to lead the units due to their tremendous performance. These managers have a better-quality skill level that facilitate make their profession easier and makes them better capable of to monitor the individual act of their team members to allocate credit, rewards and penalty accordingly. A functional structure may draw some setbacks to organisation. It controls people and assets and build up core competences. As a company develop and becomes more difficult, each function tries to retain the company’s situation. Increased order may strain manufacturing to manufacture products quick enough or in sufficient capacity may lead to control problems. When control problems arise, it also strains the situation in evaluating the cost and contribution of each function. Other drawback is communication problem. Poor communication occurs within the organisation due to subunit orientation. The top management find it hard when balancing the process of decision making between centralise function and regional managers. The top managers might disrupted by solving a daily problems and may loss focus on long term strategic issues, resulting in long term strategic direction. Â  Sample Organisation Chart of Geographical Structure. Source: SIA Cargo Pte Ltd Geographical organisation structure is usually used by big firms whose operations are spread out over a large geographical area, for instance, multinational companies which market their service worldwide. Hotel, retail, food and transportation are among the industries which is widely using the geographical structure in their management. The whole organisation will lead by a president and one person will be responsible for an each particular region. According to above SIA Cargo chart, business units were set up at six different geographic locations and each regional branch head by Regional Vice President. The branch Vice Presidents will report to Senior Vice President. The expansion of business units can be local, national or international. In geographical structure, the organisation stick on company strategies and values although operates individually. It operates as its own unit based on where it located. In this structure, each personnel from various departments have prospect to work together. Working as a group will form a strong teamwork effort and keep them in the process of planning and decision making. Beside this, everyone in the departments will have an ability to recognize the personalities and values of each individual. Close working proximity lead to decentralise the process of decision-making and make organisation to settle in rapid changes in divisional goals. In each region, a local or personnel who familiar with local business environment and culture will be employ to head the business units. It ensures that the company well understand the customer expectation and needs. Base on local knowledge, the departments heads able to create a high coordination and effective process of decision making across the functional units. The regional heads ensures the company strategies adaptable to local culture and suit to fast change in unstable environment. In divisional structure, usually the departments act as a group. It allows the responsible personnel to put on better focus in their resources and results. It also makes the performance easier to monitor the customer service quality. A personal that understand and speak the local language, will satisfy the customer expectation because the contact points are clearly explain. Customer service personnel will also have better access to personnel from other units, which can allocate them to handle the customer matters much more efficiently. With geographical structure, following the routine of individual markets and task groups is cut down, as metrics such as revenues, profit margins, costs, and routine enhancement can be attached to particular regions. It is a most important strategic advantage of this structure. Many problems might incur for the companies whom use geographical based structure. Some companies may find it complicated to run a geographic organizational structure because it duplication of works and disagreement to centralized decision-making. The top management must rely on other regional heads to take counteractive actions and look up operations rather than giving a command from the companys main office or headquarters. It may lead the company top management loss the authority in controlling the divisional units. Another limitation is expansion of knowledge. Usually, the structure does not maintain the knowledge sharing between people working in the same line of work because part of them is working in one division and the others are working in other divisions. Sample Organisation Chart of Product Structure. Source: Arla Foods Ingredients Above chart is an Arla Food Ingredients organisation chart. The chart is a product based organisation structure. Product-based structure means the regrouping of a functional structure and uses to organise employees and work on the basis of different type of products. This type structure brings together all those involved in the production skills, technical skills and marketing skills of a particular product or set of related products. Each division in structure has its own internal departments and function as self business unit. Companies that manufacture a wide variety of products such as cars and foods would find this type of structure appropriate to their organisation. Many companies tend to shift to product based structure as they expand, and as new products range are developed and new markets entered. Product based companies have no direct contact with their customers. Initially, they need to assess the market segments and develop the product from their assessment. Follow that, they must determine the price of products in line with the customer’s expectation and produce the products to sell in the market. Product based structure is also have a similar function as geographical structure. In Arla Food Ingredients, both product structure and geographical structure group together in the organisation. It will add much better clear focus on market segments and help to meets the customer’s expectation. Each division of products will be operates base on individual performance. It keeps up the positive competition between the divisions and allows the directors or managers to have better be in command of each division can act as separate profit centre. In this structure, division members are more likely to be persistent on products. It deals with the technological transform by grouping personnel with skill and their specialised equipment in one business unit. So, the division heads have a lot of control over operations and will not necessary to depend on another, separate area to get things done. The department managers will keep an eye on design and manufacturing activities, and employees become reliable to product not to function. It also allows the managers and employees to improve and expand their skills and knowledge in the organisation. The customisation of more products into division will lead to save time and cost. Decentralisation of process of decision making will facilitate rapid decision making results with effectively. It will reduce the risk of product failure and also bring on improvement in employee morale due to divisional decision making. Instead of better operational controls, the organisation can avoid the poor communication within the personnel’s which is bring to slow development of products. By the way, there is some limitation might happen when use the product base structure. An example, each product division has R;D department. When product expansion incur, number of personnel in R;D will increase. This increment will happen to each product divisions. So, it will lead to duplication of works and increase the costs of staffs. Since the divisions separately monitor, the difficulty might happen to top management to coordinating them together.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimers Disease   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Alzheimers Disease? The most common form of dementing illness, Alzheimers Disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative disease that attacks the brain, causing impaired memory, thinking and behavior. The person with AD may experience confusion, personality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, and difficulty finding words, finishing thoughts or following directions. It eventually leaves its victims incapable of caring for themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What happens to the brain in Alzheimers Disease? In AD The nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls memory, thinking, are damaged, interrupting the passage of messages between cells. The cells develop distinctive changes that are called neuritic plaques (clusters of degenerating nerve cell ends) and neurofibrillary tangles (masses of twisted filaments which accumulate in previously health nerve cells). The cortex (thinking center) of the brain shrinks (atrophies), The spaces in the center of the brain become enlarged, also reducing surface area in the brain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the symptoms of Alzheimers Disease? Alzheimers Disease is a dementing illness which leads to loss of intellectual capacity. Symptoms usually occur in older adults (although people in their 40s and 5Os may also be affected) and include loss of language skills such as trouble finding words, problems with abstract thinking, poor or decreased judgment, disori...

Auditing Chapter Two

(TCO 4) To succeed in an action against the auditor, the client must be able to show that: Student Answer: the auditor was fraudulent. the auditor was grossly negligent. there was a written contract. there is a close causal connection between the auditor's behavior and the damages suffered by the client. Instructor Explanation: Page 121 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 2. Question : (TCO 4) The principal issue to be resolved in cases involving alleged negligence is usually: Student Answer: the amount of the damages suffered by plaintiff. whether to impose punitive damages on defendant. he level of care exercised by the CPA. whether defendant was involved in fraud. Instructor Explanation: Page 119 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 3. Question : (TCO 4) A third-party beneficiary is one which: Student Answer: has failed to establish legal standing before the court does not have privity of contract and is unknown to the contracting parties. does not have privity of contract, but is know n to the contracting parties and intended to benefit under the contract. may establish legal standing before the court after a contract has been consummated. Instructor Explanation: Page 121 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 4. Question : (TCO 4) The objective of the ordinary audit of financial statements is the expression of an opinion on: Student Answer: the fairness of the financial statements. the accuracy of the financial statements. the accuracy of the annual report. the accuracy of the annual report. Instructor Explanation: Page 142 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 5. Question : (TCO 4) The responsibility for adopting sound accounting policies and maintaining adequate internal control rests with the: Student Answer: board of directors. company management. financial statement auditor. company’s internal audit department Instructor Explanation: Page 143 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 6. Question : (TCO 3) Which of the following statements is most correct regarding errors and fraud? Student Answer: An error is unintentional, whereas fraud is intentional. Frauds occur more often than errors in financial statements. Errors are always fraud and frauds are always errors. Auditors have more responsibility for finding fraud than errors. Instructor Explanation: Page 145 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 7. Question : (TCO 3) Which of the following is not one of the conditions for fraud described in SAS No. 99? Student Answer: Attitudes/rationalization. Opportunities. Incentives/pressures. Each of the above is a condition for fraud. Instructor Explanation: Page 337 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 8. Question : (TCO 3) Fraudulent financial reporting may be accomplished through the manipulation of: Student Answer: assets. liabilities. revenues. all of the above. Instructor Explanation: Page 336 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 9. Question : (TCO 3) Which of the following is a factor that relates to incentives to misappropriate assets? Student Answer: Significant accounting estimates involving subjective judgments. Significant personal financial obligations. Management's practice of making overly aggressive forecasts. High turnover of accounting, internal audit and information technology staff. Instructor Explanation: Page 339 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 10. Question : (TCO 3) Auditors may identify conclusions during fieldwork that change or support a judgment about the initial assessment of fraud risk. Which of the following conditions should alert an auditor about the initial assessment? Student Answer: Missing or conflicting evidence. Discrepancies in the accounting records. Unusual relationships between the auditor and management. All of the above.

Final Paper Strategies For Success - 922 Words

Final Paper: Strategies for Success in Students â€Å"What it takes for English Learners to Succeed?† is an article written by Jana Echevarria, Nancy Frey, and Doug Fisher that discusses four accessible teaching practices that will allow English Learners in U.S. classroom to become academically successful and attain fluency in English. To clarify, the authors use practices such as access, climate, expectations, and language instruction to eliminate educational inequality and enable students to be able to fully participate in rigorous course work without excluding English Learners. Ultimately, this provides an approachable school reform, creates additive and transformative approach, as well as integration of multicultural perspective and lastly brings a way for language diversity to be seen in the classroom. The four effective practices are interdependent of one another. These concepts are the key points that provide a solution in helping English learners become fluent English speakers and be able to understand difficult lessons and high standards. The first strategy the article points out is Access, and it is used more frequently than the others. Echevarria and colleagues (2015) demonstrate that when teachers use differentiated teaching strategies, it will allow students to understand the concepts being taught more easily. For example, using multimedia to provide visual learning, or using sentence frames that will allow English Learners to be able to participate in oralShow MoreRelatedMap the Supply Chain Paper813 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world because of their commitment and effective marketing strategies. The company understands their target markets and the logistics required to have their products reach their customers across the world. 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However, T.O.’s are notorious for revisions, therefore changing my strategy towards how I go about daily tasks when they update and the new hardware I would need to familiarize myself with. Precision: Is also a use first pattern for me. When

Do Bad Parents Create Mass Murderers Essay - 1488 Words

Since the Jack the Ripper murders of 1888 in Whitechapel, London, the incidence of serial killers had increased at a steady rate. Names such as Charles Manson, John Wayne Gacy, Ted Bundy and Myra Hindley strike fear and horror into the hearts of normal people who cannot comprehend the subhuman actions of such violent people. Arguments still continue as to what drives these people to kill. Many believe that bad parenting and traumatic childhood experiences are a major factor in creating a serial killer, while others believe they are simply born evil, and that no amount of either good or bad parenting can change their basic personality. Statistically, the average serial killer is a white male†¦show more content†¦Years later, Fred and his wife Rose were eventually found to have raped and murdered at least seven girls, one of which was their own daughter. Charles Mansons prostitute mother Kathy Maddox, indifferently declared his name as No Name Maddox on his birth certificate. She hoisted him off on relatives, and in one story, famous but probably untrue, she traded the infant Charlie for a pitcher of beer. When he was sent to live with his aunt, his uncle told him he was a sissy, and punished him by sending him to school dressed as a girl. This humiliation obviously had a huge dramatic impact on Mansons life, making him strike back at society later in life. These are all typical examples of how a severely traumatic childhood can have devastating result in later life. Serial killer Ed Kemper actually blamed his mother for all his murders and rapes. While in custody Kemper stated that Those girls are dead because of the way my mother raised her son. Kempers practice was to beat violently, behead and sexually assault attractive young girls of the type his mother taunted he would never date. Kemper eventually killed his mother in this same way. 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For people committing first degree murder, child molestation and rape for example it has been proven time andRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Deserve A Second Chance1322 Words   |  6 Pageschild goes into a shop and steals goods; the child will be punished for committing the crime because what he has done is wrong and there will be consequences for his actions. As the child grows up they will have learnt from the teachings of their parents or someone they look up to about what is right and what is wrong, therefore the person should know what is seen as morally right or wrong. For people committing first degree murder, child molestation and rape for example it has been proven time andRead MoreNature vs Nurture1880 Words   |  8 Pageshave such a deep interest in killers, we often do not know how to differentiate between them. All too often, we label anybody who has killed a few people as a serial killer, but that is not the case. There are many different typographies of killers, but the main classifications are mass murderer, serial killer, gain serial killer and spree killer. The first typography that we will look at is mass murderer. For a killer to be labeled as a mass murderer, he must kill at least four people at one timeRead MoreThe Importance Of Banning Assault Weapons950 Words   |  4 Pageswhy can they not just ban assault rifles so us civilians do not have to worry about this happening. Banning assault rifles would create so much relief regarding safety because if the government were to ban them, that ability to go on mass shootings would not be occurring because of the fact that hand weapons have less bullets and mainly are used for safety. Opposing the assault rifles, they are largely used armor holding lots of bullets. 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The media, politicians, and many parents are blaming videogames for violent acts among children and those less than 18 years of age. But could videogames be the sole cause of violent crimes among children? In the fall of 2005 I took a course here at Coker calledRead MoreEssay on Media Violence: Censorship Not Needed1591 Words   |  7 Pageshotly debated topic. What type o f effects and whom they affect are the most argued aspects of the discussion.    One of the recent violent acts committed by minors was the massacre at Columbine High School. Later it was revealed that the murderers had listened to Marilyn Manson, played violent computer games (such as Doom), and watched The Basketball Diaries in which the lead character slaughtered his classmates and teacher in a very similar manner to the way the Columbine boys later did (TorrRead MoreObesity : A Silent Killer Invading Many Countries Across The World Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Mosura Mr. Johnston English II 19 October 2016 Obesity There is a silent killer invading many countries across the world. The elusive murderer is called obesity. Obesity can be caused and prevented several ways. The health risks caused by obesity get worse the more obese people are or the higher Body Mass Index (BMI) people have. Many diseases and life-threatening problems occur while obese. Obesity, a plague that is infecting millions every year, is caused by several personal habits and

The Native American Pursuit Of Justice - 857 Words

The Native American Pursuit of Justice â€Å"Banishment from the homeland, the diaspora of a nation, the exile of a people, and ongoing colonization- these are the legacies Minnesotans and Americans have left† (waziyatawin 17). As a society, our wrongdoings towards the Native American people are irreversible. Yet, it is important to do as much as we can as a society to justify our wrong doings. Gaining knowledge about the injustices society and colonialism has committed on the Native American way of life in Minnesota, brings a responsibility of awareness and action to achieve justice for the Native American community. While learning about the evils done to the Native Americans, there comes a responsibility to use that knowledge. As a person becomes aware of how unjust the acts were towards Native Americans, it is morally right to do something with that knowledge. The United States people owe it to the Native American community to have this knowledge. Information about unfair a nd forced treaties and acts, the cruelness of the United States government, and the genocide of the Native American culture should be widespread. according to What Does Justice Look Like? â€Å"America has yet to keep one Indian treaty or agreement despite the fact that the United States Government signed over four hundred such treaties and agreements with Indian tribes† (Waziyatawin 29). This is just an example of the unfairness Native Americans were treated with. It is crucial that this information likeShow MoreRelatedNative American And Native Americans950 Words   |  4 Pagescountries went through imperialism, reconstruction and wars to pursuit their freedom. Native American’s embarked on new discoveries in America, which began conflicts with White Americans wanting control over what Native American had. Native Americans believed in freedom for the nation, but things began to change for them, when White American passed the Indians removal act. African American a nd Native American had similar experiences to pursuit their freedom. Both races were treated like they didn’t existRead MoreRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 PagesMr. Andrew Bagley PLS 213 American Federal Government-Online 25th November 2015 Racism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. The path that racism takes is from old time’s point of view. The way to clear up racism in our criminal justice system is simple and easy. Americans need to fully understandRead MoreRelationships And Culture Of Early 19th Century America And Their Ramifications1526 Words   |  7 Pagesliberty, and the pursuit of happiness. As a consequence of the formation of the country and its promises, several diverse groups had flocked to the new world to enjoy new lives of prosperity, success, and guaranteed justice. Some of these groups, in particular, had been somewhat vulnerable during the time period, given the context of the simultaneous events, including various conflicts around the world. Namely, these groups of people had been women, Native Americans, and Africa n Americans. 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If the United states did not have these ideas our country would not be a country. There are seven words that pop into individuals head when you are discussing the Constitution, Life, liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. A meaning of life is That as americans weRead More Social inequality in 1820s Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagessocial and racial inequality in all American history. The Declaration of Independence states, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This infamous passage written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776, states that ALL men are created equal and are entitled to Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. Although this statementRead MoreRacial Identity And Ethnicity Identity1626 Words   |  7 Pagesracial identity and ethnicity identity by going to school with various people. I then describe how the aspects of my gender identity and racial identity did and did not influence my leisure and life pursuits. My racial identity and gender identity did not influence much of my leisure and life pursuits in my life, I was mostly influenced by my upbringing. Identity Realization Identity is considered to be defined as a person’s personal sense of themselves, in which describes them for whoRead MoreThe Greatest Man Of The Great American Nation Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesBenjamin Franklin and John Quincy Adams – these two mortal men laid the foundation for the great American nation. Since his own lifetime, Benjamin Franklin has been an American icon for success. During his life, many deemed Franklin the greatest man of the new world, and perhaps the best known in the entire world. Today, his portrait centers the American $100 bill. Franklin worked hard for his success and earned the rewards of fame and fortune accordingly. While alive, Franklin lobbied for â€Å"indefiniteRead MoreFederal Indian Policy : The Indian Removal Act Of 18301584 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Indian Policy Native American’s have always been the aspect that shapes our culture and history today. The rise of the new world started with the discovery of the land of which the Native Americans resided. They are referred to as the indigenous people because they were the people who lived and survived off this land first. The Native Americans have a unique culture that consisted of a bond with nature. They had similar gender roles just like the white population. The men were hunters, warriorsRead More Government and Politics - Time to Stop Lying Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen nurtured from day one of the founding of this country.    We see constant hypocrisy in the history of this country, and a history of so-called leaders too weak and shameful to admit their wrongs and attempt to create some truth and justice. From the make-up of our Founding Fathers to the men in power today, we can not take genuine pride and we do not wish to follow in these footsteps. We know that, as voters, we do not have any real power of decision or choice. We know that we are

Professional Practice Preparation for Health- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Practice Preparation for Health and Social. Answer: The recruitment process in every discipline is important as it gives an insight of the strength and weakness. Every profession has processes that are distinct in their own way. In the recruitment of nursing as a discipline, many factors are considered in order to issue the license of a nurse. This process begins with qualifications at the beginning of the academic program. First and foremost in order to join the nursing profession papers are critically examined by the concerned academic board (Danielson, 2007). This is to ensure that the student undertaking the course should meet the minimum requirements. Science subjects and mathematics are essential due to the practice required. I completely concur with the admission process having in mind that the health faculty is critical to the lives of citizens. More often than not cases of negligence have been witnessed due to leniency in the admission process (Atwal Jones, 2009). In addition, quack practitioner cases and health malpractices have been reduced. However where I slightly differ is that sometimes a student may not be good in science and mathematics, but have the passion for nursing. In such cases, it would be quite unfair to deny the student chance to train as a nurse. Moreover, it is not applicable to judge a student basing on the high school academic credentials. This is because at times their improvement escalates in the higher learning level. When it comes to the interview process, nursing has a transparent and professional observance to those seeking the job (Danielson Axtell, 2009). This is because at this stage nurses have undergone a thorough training and ethical observance. It is beyond reasonable doubt that every nurse has the skills of handling the sick due to the exposure of several ill health cases. The nursing interview will depend on the health employer, for instance, the private sector will differ from the public (Franklin, 2000). The national government has an interview which is in conjunction with the ministry of health. Screening interview in nursing is conducted by the human resources professional. It is a type of interview that is engaged with a call from the employer to reduce the number of applicants to the job. Here the nurse in question is required to have their resume at hand in a place where there are no distractions. Another form of interview is selection interview, which is usually conducted by t he health supervisor. It is mostly carried out after the first interview with the job seeker having satisfied the health organization. series interview will involve a number of staff members who will meet with the nurse looking for the job. It is most common to nurses seeking senior management positions. Lastly on the interview part, is the panel interview whereby the nurse faces individuals from various departments. The psychometric tests in nursing will always be based on the literacy, psychological, and personality traits. It is important to assist in the formulation of psychological and identification of stress areas. The intelligence of the nurse will be determined and also job reliability on emergency cases. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used and reliable personality assessment in the world. It should be noted that over 50 years of research MBTI has played a critical role in the human management in terms of career and behavioral development. It mostly focuses on the psychological on how people perceive the world around them and the decisions they make. It is an analysis that was founded by Katherine Cook Briggs. MBTI emphasizes that people have different preferences on sensation, intuition, feeling and thinking. As a matter of fact, everyone in the universe differs on various biological and intellectual aspects. For example, in the workplace people with introversion show lower levels of workplace well-being as compared to those of extraversion (Hanton Mellalieu, 2013). Those with ISTP (Introversion, sensing, thinking, perceiving; show the level of thinking in the workplace. This means that the role they play in the workplace is of low standards. On the contra ry extraversion intuition feeling perceiving ENFP has the highest level of thinking and wellbeing. Looking at my MBTI type, I consider being in the ISTP and ENFP in a way .For instance, when it comes to issues related to social behavior I am always on the forefront to engage in interactions which is an extrovert behavior. It is also accompanied by providing solutions to students problems. I find it easy to interact with a student who helps in boosting self-esteem and happiness. However, I have had a self personally test and discovered that on matters regarding life challenges; I am quite the introvert because I find it hard to open up on matters of psychological torture (Compton Baizerman, n.d.). Furthermore many at times I engage in reading many pages of journals and books. When I feel that something bothers me a lot, Id rather think about it than open up to someone. More often than not I have only opened to someone I trust in very few instances. On the issue of thinking I have learned some concepts from the environment and social aspects of people. On the other hand, when it co mes to judging I have always relied on introversion (Kulshrestha, 2012). For instance, this might be political, social or economic issues. Rarely would I have aired my opinion publicly because of the fear of conflict and victimization. On the issue of acting based on a certain situation, I will always be action-orientated or thought oriented. It should be noted in this case that when it comes to making a decision, it will entirely depend on the time and situation. Most of the impulse decisions I make are generally action oriented which might be a talk or body movement. When it comes to sensing and intuition, it will depend if I trust the information. Just as MBTI puts it, I would rather use sensing which will mean that there is a deeper acknowledgment of facts. On the other hand on thinking and feeling are important in rational decisions. After looking deeper into my self-awareness most of the time, I have made decisions based on feeling because of empathy. The lessons I learned he re is that at times emotions tend to cloud judgment. Postgraduate course in nursing is very important to the health sector in the nation and globe contribution. It should be noted that most nurses in the world today engage in diploma and degree programs in nursing. Not only is the number of patients more but also the demand and care. The nursing job requires attention in the night and day which makes it difficult to engage in postgraduate studies (JOHNSON, 2016). Internationally, Kenya to be precise the ratio of the nurses to the population is 83: 10,000 which is way below the world health organization recommendation. The nurses who have undergone postgraduate studies have the upper hand in providing mentorship and skills to inexperienced nurses. Over the recent years, it has been noted that a Masters course in nursing is important because it provides specialization of the course. Secondly, it is an opportunity whereby the nurse gets better pay which helps in building the economy with a wider range of investment. Having a postgraduate program means that; a nurse is in line with the changes in time in regard to the licensing laws. In the globe today, most nurses who have advanced past a Bachelors degree have more flexible work schedules. It is also clear that advancing in the nursing field means that a greater professional network is built. However Postgraduate course in nursing has had a share of challenges; for instance, the fees required for the program is quite an expensive bearing with the fact that most nurses have families to provide for. This makes it strenuous to balance money for family needs and academics. In the long run, it leads to frustrations and acquisition of loans (Fraser, 2016). Another challenge is that to some nurses in different parts of the globe the countries are involved warfare. Having a politically unstable nation; means that the nurse's postgraduate studies are cut short. Nursing as a career needs patience and commitment, but to some practitioners, patience is a value they lack. A negative attitude to the profession leads to a change of career. In African countries mostly the third world, it is difficult to advance in studies, yet health institutions require nurses intervention. Night shifts and day shifts should be well observed. It is quite difficult for a nurse to have a full-time Postgra duate course bearing with the fact their absence will instigate a health crisis. Strikes have also been a massive challenge to nurses in the African countries. This makes it difficult for nurses to carry out their research and projects (Piotrowski, 2014). On the other hand, the 21st century is marked with technological advancements and facilities in the health sector. Nurses in vast economy countries are able to go through Post Graduate Diplomas and Masters Program without putting the nations health at risk. Ethics is important in every discipline because it provides room; for professionalism and matters of career growth in the specific field. It should be noted that in the world today every area study and specialization has guidelines right from the coursework to the practical aspect. Professional practice preparation is a course that prepares students to undertake professional practice placements by building knowledge and skills in areas of professional behavior and communication with clients. It is also essential in self-management, setting personal goals and documentation skills. Furthermore, it is a course that provides students with competency skills in manual handling tasks. In this course moral values like trust, respect fairness and caring in business are emphasized. Moreover, the ethical behavior in this discipline upholds professional reputation at all costs. More often than not the society has been in a dilemma when caught in situations of professionalism and friendship; it i s to this effect that stakeholders are required to observe ethical behavior as the profession states. It is a course gives the right guidance when caught in a situation whereby a person feels that they are in an emotional dilemma by observing their reputation. Professionals in the professional practice have principles that ensure there is transparent behavior. Observing this ethical behavior ensures that there is dialogue even in matters that tend to bring conflict. More often than not confidentiality is a virtue that many human beings have failed to uphold. However, this discipline critically advocates for the confidentiality of clients. Being a confident means that sensitive information is protected which is known to a third party has dire consequences. The importance of ethics in this field is about compliance with laws at all times. Observing the law every time means every case is treated with the equal importance which means that cases of negligence will be avoided. In professional practice, preparation practice provides an opportunity for professionals to understand the psychology of subjects in their case study. For instance, if they are approached by a student who wants to choose a career right from middle school; there are a knowl edge and skills with they are able to detect the learner's interest (Piotrowski, 2014). Ethics in career choice here is observed by discussing the student weakness and strength in the most appropriate manner. Acting without bias is an ethical behavior that observes gender, race, and religion without any form of discrimination. Being socially sensitive means that it promotes self-esteem to clients of who are from different backgrounds of life. It should be noted that in all professionals ethics is a fundamental requirement. It does promote not only values but also promotes growth and development. Ethics is also important in business and any organization that has an ultimate goal of accomplishing goals .professional practice preparation has also had challenges in the observance of ethics. First and foremost not all clients are willing to open up on issues regarding their behavior. Another challenge is that is the increased liability of individual prosecution under the tough legislative regime. Thirdly, it is the educating and managing compliance of the third parties. References Atwal, A., Jones, M. (2009).Preparing for professional practice in health and social care. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Compton, D., Baizerman, M.Managing program evaluation. Danielson, C. (2007).Enhancing professional practice. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Danielson, C., Axtell, D. (2009).Implementing the framework for teaching in enhancing professional practice. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Franklin, J. (2000).Architect's professional practice manual. New York: McGraw Hill. Fraser, G. (2016).Landscape professional practice. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. (2013).Professional practice in sport psychology. London: "Routledge." JOHNSON, J. (2016).THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MODERN FRAMED STRUCTURES,. [S.l.]: FORGOTTEN BOOKS. Kulshrestha, S. (2012).Urban and regional planning in India. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Piotrowski, C. (2014).Professional practice for interior designers. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, Inc.